ʻO ka chromatography, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "chromatographic analysis", "chromatography", he ʻano hoʻokaʻawale a me ka nānā ʻana, he ʻano ākea loa o nā noi ma ke kemika analytical, kemika kūlohelohe, biochemistry a me nā kula ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka chromatography he kanaka loea ʻo Rūsia ʻo M.Tsvetter.I ka makahiki 1906, ua paʻi ʻo Zvetter i nā hopena o kāna hoʻokolohua: I mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā puaʻa mea kanu, ua ninini ʻo ia i ka petroleum ether extract i loaʻa nā puaʻa mea kanu i loko o kahi paipu aniani me ka pauka calcium carbonate a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka petroleum ether mai luna a lalo.No ka mea, he ʻokoʻa ka mana adsorption o nā puaʻa like ʻole ma ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana calcium carbonate, me ke kaʻina o ka leaching, neʻe nā puaʻa ʻokoʻa i lalo i nā wikiwiki like ʻole, no laila e hana ʻia nā kaula o nā kala like ʻole.Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana pigment.Ua kapa ʻo ia i kēia ʻano hoʻokaʻawale chromatography.
Hōʻike manaʻo o kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻokaʻawale puaʻa lau mea kanu
Me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kala ʻole i lilo i mea no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ua nalowale ka chromatography i ke ʻano o ka "kala", akā ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nei ka inoa i kēia lā.
Hoʻokaʻawale Chromatographic
ʻO ke ʻano o ka chromatography kahi kaʻina e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā molekala e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a kaulike ʻia ma waena o ka pae paʻa a me ka pae kelepona.Hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa nā mea ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā pae ʻelua, kahi e neʻe ai lākou i nā wikiwiki like ʻole me ka pae kelepona.Me ka neʻe ʻana o ka pae kelepona, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka hui ʻana mai kekahi i kekahi ma ka pae paʻa.Ma muli o ka mīkini, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole.
1, e like me ka helu ʻana o ka mokuʻāina kino ʻelua
ʻĀpana paʻa: Ke kinoea chromatography, ka wai chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography
Māhele paʻa: kinoea-paʻa, kinoea-wai;wai-paʻa, wai-wai
2, e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka pae paʻa
Kolu chromatography: packed column chromatography, capillary column chromatography, micropacked column chromatography, preparative chromatography
ʻO ka chromatography mokulele: chromatography pepa, chromatography papa lahilahi, chromatography membrane polymer
3, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ke ʻano hoʻokaʻawale
Adsorption chromatography: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana like ʻole e like me kā lākou adsorption a me ka desorption capacities ma nā adsorbents
Māhele chromatography: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana like ʻole e like me ko lākou solubility i ka solvent
Molecular exclusion chromatography: e like me ka nui o ka nui mole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ln ion exchange chromatography: nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka pili no ka hoʻokaʻawale resin-exchange resin.
Affinity chromatography: Hoʻokaʻawale me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pilina kikoʻī ma waena o nā macromolecules olaola
Capillary electrophoresis: ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana e like me nā ʻokoʻa o ka neʻe ʻana a/a i ʻole ka hana ʻāpana
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chiral chromatography no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana o nā lāʻau chiral, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: chiral derivatization reagent method;ʻO ke ʻano hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Chiral mobile phase;ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻonā ʻana o ke ʻano hoʻonā paʻa
Nā huaʻōlelo kumu no ka chromatography
ʻO nā pihi i loaʻa ma ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā hōʻailona pane o nā ʻāpana ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale chromatographic me ka manawa i kapa ʻia he chromatograms.
Kumu:Ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana chromatographic, ua kapa ʻia ka ʻōkuhi o ka hōʻailona i ka wā e hele ai ka māhele kelepona i ka ʻōnaehana ʻike i kapa ʻia ka baseline, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka laina ot.I ka paʻa ʻana o ke kūlana hoʻokolohua, ʻo ke kaha kiʻekiʻe he laina like me ke koʻi ākea.Hōʻike ka baseline i ka walaʻau o ka mea kani, ʻoi aku ka mea ʻike, i ka manawa.
kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe:ka mamao kū pololei ma waena o ke kiko kiʻekiʻe chromatographic a me ke kaha kumu, i hōʻike ʻia e ka h, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka laina AB.
Laulā ʻāpana:Ua pili pono ka laula o ka chromatographic peak i ka pono o ka hookaawale ana.ʻEkolu mau ʻano e wehewehe ai i ka laula peak chromatographic: ʻo ka ʻokoʻa maʻamau σ, ka laula peak W, a me ka FWHM W1/2.
Wehewehe maʻamau (σ):ʻO σ ka hapalua o ka mamao ma waena o nā kiko hoʻololi ʻelua ma ka pānaʻi mahele maʻamau, a ʻo ka waiwai o σ e hōʻike ana i ke degere o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā ʻāpana mai ke kolamu.ʻOi aku ka nui o ka waiwai o σ, ʻoi aku ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i nā ʻāpana effluent, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena kaʻawale.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, paʻa nā ʻāpana effluent a maikaʻi ka hopena kaʻawale.
laula piko W:Hoʻohana ʻia nā kiko kiko ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka piko chromatographic ma ke ʻano he laina tangent, a ua kapa ʻia ka ʻae ʻana ma ka palena kumu ka laula piko, a i ʻole ka laulā kumu, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia me W, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi IJ.E like me ke kumu o ka puunaue maʻamau, hiki ke hōʻoia i ka pilina ma waena o ka laula kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau ʻo W=4σ.
W1/2:Ua kapa ʻia ka laulā kiʻekiʻe ma ka hapalua o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ʻo FWHM, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia no ka mamao o GH.W1/2=2.355σ, W=1.699W1/2.
Loaʻa ʻia ʻo W1/2, W mai σ a hoʻohana ʻia no ka helu ʻana i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe me ke ana ʻana i ka hopena kolamu.ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ke ana FWHM a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia.
hōʻuluʻulu pōkole
Mai ka chromatographic peak outflow curve, hiki ke hoʻokō i kēia mau pahuhopu:
a, Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi Qualitative ma muli o ka waiwai paʻa o nā piko chromatographic
b, ka helu helu ma muli o ka ʻāpana a i ʻole ka piko o ka piko chromatographic
C. Ua loiloi ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kolamu e like me ka waiwai paʻa a me ka laula kiʻekiʻe o ka piko chromatographic.
ʻO ke kumu helu helu i pili i ka chromatography
1. Waiwai mālama
ʻO ka waiwai paʻa he ʻāpana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana o kahi mea laʻana i ke kolamu a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ke ʻano chromatographic.Penei kona ano hoike:
Manawa paa tR
Manawa o ka maketM
Hoʻoponopono i ka manawa mālama tR'=tR-tM
(Ka nui o ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka pae paʻa)
Ka nui o ka paʻa
VR=tR*F. (kūʻokoʻa i ka wikiwiki o ka pae paʻa)
leo make
VM=tM*Fc
(ʻO ka hakahaka ʻaʻole i noho ʻia e ka pae paʻa i ke ala kahe mai ka injector a i ka mea ʻike)
Hoʻoponopono i ka leo paʻa VR'=t'R*Fc
2. Ka waiwai paʻa pili
ʻO ka waiwai paʻa pili, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he kumu hoʻokaʻawale, ratio coefficient partition a i ʻole helu hiki pili, ʻo ia ka ratio o ka manawa paʻa i hoʻololi ʻia (volume) o ka mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia i ka manawa paʻa i hoʻoponopono ʻia (volume) o ka maʻamau ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana chromatographic.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā waiwai paʻa pili no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka mana o kekahi mau kūlana hana, e like me ke kahe kahe a me ka poho fixative, ma nā waiwai mālama.ʻO ka maʻamau i ka waiwai paʻa pili hiki ke lilo i mea i loko o ka laʻana i hoʻāʻo ʻia a i ʻole kahi hui i hoʻohui ʻia.
3. Helu helu mālama
ʻO ka helu hoʻopaʻa ʻana ʻo ia ka papa kuhikuhi paʻa o ka mea i e hoʻāʻo ʻia i loko o kahi hāʻina paʻa X. Ua koho ʻia ʻelua n-alanes ma ke ʻano he mea kuhikuhi, ʻo kekahi he N ka helu kalapona a ʻo kekahi he N+n.ʻO kā lākou manawa paʻa i hoʻololi ʻia ʻo ia ka t 'r (N) a me ka t 'r (N+n), no laila ʻo ka manawa paʻa i hoʻoponopono ʻia t 'r (i) o ka mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma waena o lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, t 'r (N).
Hiki ke helu ʻia ka papa kuhikuhi paʻa e like me kēia.
4. Ka helu kaha (k)
Ma ke kaulike, ʻo ka ratio o ka nuipaʻa o kahi mea i loko o ka pae kuʻuna (s) i ka pae kelepona (m), i kapa ʻia ʻo ka helu hiki.Penei ke kumu:
5、Partition coefficient (K) I ka equilibrium, ka lakio o ka noonoo ana o kekahi mea i loko o ka paʻa manawa (s) i ke kelepona hele (m), i kapaia partition coefficient.Penei ke kumu
Ka pilina ma waena o K a me k:
Hōʻike ia i ke ʻano kolamu a me kona puʻupuʻu i nā waiwai nui o ka hale
hōʻuluʻulu pōkole
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka waiwai paʻa a me ka helu hiki a me ka helu ʻāpana:
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale Chromatographic ma luna o ka ʻokoʻa o ka adsorption a i ʻole dissolution hiki o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i kahi hāpana pili paʻa, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ma ka nui o ka helu pākuʻi K (a i ʻole hiki ke helu k) waiwai.
ʻO nā ʻāpana me ka ikaika adsorption a i ʻole ka dissolution hiki ke loaʻa i ka coefficient partition nui (a i ʻole hiki ke helu) a me ka manawa paʻa lōʻihi.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā ʻāpana me ka adsorption nāwaliwali a i ʻole ka solubility he ʻāpana ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a he manawa paʻa pōkole.
ʻO ka manaʻo kumu o ka chromatography
1. Ka manaʻo pā
(1) Hoʻopuka i mua -- ka manaʻo thermodynamic
Ua hoʻomaka me ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka hale kiaʻi i manaʻo ʻia e Martin lāua ʻo Synge.
ʻO ke kolamu fractionating: i loko o ka pā no nā manawa he nui o ke kinoea-wai equilibrium, e like me ka paila o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa.
Kolu: Ua kaulike nā ʻāpana e nā ʻāpana he nui ma waena o nā pae ʻelua a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me nā coefficients ʻokoʻa.
(2) Kuhiakau
(1) Nui nā pā i loko o ke kolamu, a hiki i nā ʻāpana ke hiki koke i ka equilibrium puʻunaue i loko o ka wā pā (ʻo ia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pā).
(2) Ke komo nei ka māhele paʻa i ke kolamu, ʻaʻole i ka hoʻomau ʻana akā i ka puʻupuʻu, ʻo ia hoʻi, he leo kolamu kēlā me kēia paukū.
(3) I ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka hāpana i kēlā me kēia pā kolamu, hiki ke mālama ʻole ʻia ka diffusion o ka hāpana ma ke axis kolamu.
(4) Ua like ke koena o ka paku ma na pa a pau, me ke kaawale o ka nui o na mea.ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka pānaʻi ʻokoʻa ma kēlā me kēia tabana.
(3) Kumu
Kiʻikuhi kiʻi o ka manaʻo pā
Inā hoʻohui ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka hui nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ka m=1 (e like me 1mg a i ʻole 1μg), i ka pā Helu 0, a ma hope o ka puunaue kaulike, no ka mea, k=1, ʻo ia hoʻi ns=nm, nm=ns=0.5.
Ke komo ka nui o ka pā (lΔV) o ke kinoea halihali i ka pā 0 ma ke ʻano o ka pulsation, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kinoea lawe i loaʻa ka ʻāpana nm i ka pae kinoea i ka pā 1. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka ʻāpana ns i ka pae wai o ka pā 0 a e puunaue hou ia ka mea nm i ka mahele kinoea o ka papa 1 mawaena o na mahele elua.No laila, ʻo ka nui o nā mea i loko o ka pā 0 he 0.5, kahi o ke kinoea a me ka wai i kēlā me kēia 0.25, a ʻo ka huina nui i loko o ka pā 1 he 0.5.He 0.25 ke kinoea a me ka wai.
Hoʻopili hou ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻokomo ʻia ke kinoea lawe pahu pahu hou i loko o ke kolamu (e nānā i ka papa ma lalo).
4
ʻO σ ka hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau, ʻo ia ka manawa paʻa, ʻo C ka manaʻo i kēlā me kēia manawa,
ʻO C, ʻo ia ka neʻe ʻana o ka injection, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka huina o nā ʻāpana (wahi kiʻekiʻe A).
(5) nā ʻāpana hana kolamu
Ma kahi tR mau, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi W a i ʻole w 1/2 (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka piko haiki), ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā papa manaʻo n, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka papa manaʻo, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kolamu.Pela no ka neff theory tray.No laila, ʻo ka helu theoretical o nā pā he kuhikuhi no ka loiloi i ka pono o nā kolamu.
(5) Nā ʻano a me nā hemahema
> Pono
He semi-empirical ka kumumanaʻo tray a wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka pihi puka
Hōʻike ʻia nā kaʻina hoʻokaʻawale a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻāpana
Kuhi ʻia kahi papa kuhikuhi no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pono o ke kolamu
> Ka palena
ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻāpana ke hoʻokō pono i ka equilibrium puʻunaue ma nā pae ʻelua:
ʻAʻole hiki ke nānā ʻole ʻia ka hoʻopuehu lōʻihi o nā ʻāpana i ke kolamu:
ʻAʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia ka mana o nā ʻano kinetic like ʻole i ke kaʻina hana hoʻololi.
ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka hopena kolamu a me ka wikiwiki o ka pae paʻa:
ʻAʻole maopopo i nā kumu nui e pili ana i ka hopena kolamu
Hoʻopau maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau pilikia ma ka ʻenekona helu.
2. Ke kuhi helu
I ka makahiki 1956, ua ʻike ʻia ka mea akamai Dutch ʻo VanDeemter et al.hoʻokomo i ka manaʻo o ke kuʻekuʻe pā, a hoʻohui i nā kumu kinetic e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pā, waiho i mua i ke kumumanaʻo kinetic o ke kaʻina hana chromatographic - ka manaʻo helu, a loaʻa i ka hoʻohālikelike VanDeemter.Manaʻo ʻo ia i ke kaʻina chromatographic ma ke ʻano he kaʻina hana ʻole equilibrium a nānā i ka mana o nā mea kinetic ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka piko (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hopena kolamu).
Ma hope mai, ʻo Giddings lāua ʻo Snyder et al.ua hoʻoholo i ka hoʻohālikelike chromatography rate equation (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Giddings equation) ma muli o ka equation VanDeemter (i kapa ʻia ma hope he equation chromatography rate equation) a e like me ka ʻokoʻa waiwai ma waena o ka wai a me ke kinoea.
(1) Ka hoohalike Van Deemter
Kahi: H: ke kiʻekiʻe o ka papa
A: helu helu o ka huaʻōlelo hoʻopuehu eddy
B: ka helu o ka manawa hoʻopuehu molekala
C: coefficient o ka manawa kū'ē hoʻoili lehulehu
(2) Ka hoohalike Giddings
Ka helu helu a me ka qualitative analysis
(1) Ka nānā 'ana i ka qualitative
ʻO ka loiloi chromatographic qualitative ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i nā pūhui i hōʻike ʻia e kēlā me kēia peak chromatographic.No ka mea, loaʻa i nā mea like ʻole nā waiwai paʻa ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana chromatographic, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka waiwai paʻa ma ke ʻano he helu helu qualitative.Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano hana qualitative chromatographic like ʻole i nā waiwai paʻa.
Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i nā mea like ʻole nā waiwai paʻa like ʻole ma lalo o nā kūlana chromatographic hoʻokahi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole kūʻokoʻa nā waiwai paʻa.No laila he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻohālikelike i kahi laʻana i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma muli o nā waiwai paʻa wale nō.Inā ma ke kumu o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu, ke ʻano a me ke kumu o ka laʻana, hiki ke hana i kahi hoʻoholo mua o ka haku ʻana o ka hāpana, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana e hoʻoholo ai i ka pūhui i hōʻike ʻia e ka piko chromatographic.
1. Ka mana maikaʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maʻemaʻe
Ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana chromatographic, ʻike ʻole ʻia ka manawa paʻa i wehewehe ʻia.No laila, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka mea ʻike ʻole ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka manawa paʻa o ka mea maʻemaʻe i ʻike ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana chromatographic like me ka manawa paʻa o ka mea ʻike ʻole.Inā like nā mea ʻelua, ʻo ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia he mea maʻemaʻe i ʻike ʻia;A i ʻole, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea maʻemaʻe.
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻomalu mea maʻemaʻe e pili wale ana i ka mea ʻike ʻole ʻia i ʻike ʻia kona haku mele ʻana, maʻalahi kona haku mele ʻana, a ʻike ʻia kona mea maʻemaʻe.
2. ʻano waiwai paʻa pili
ʻO ka waiwai paʻa pili α, e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o ka ʻāpana i a me nā mea kuhikuhi Laki o nā waiwai paʻa:
Hoʻololi wale ia me ka hoʻololi o ka fixative a me ka mahana kolamu, ʻaʻohe mea pili i nā kūlana hana ʻē aʻe.
I kekahi manawa kū a me ka wela kolamu, ua ana ʻia nā waiwai paʻa i hoʻololi ʻia o ka mea i a me ka mea kuhikuhi s, a laila helu ʻia e like me ke ʻano o luna.Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā waiwai paʻa pili i loaʻa me nā waiwai pili i ka palapala.
3, hoʻohui i nā mea i ʻike ʻia e hoʻonui i ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe
Inā nui nā ʻāpana o ka hāpana ʻike ʻole, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā piko chromatographic i hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi ʻia e ke ʻano o luna, a i ʻole ke hoʻohana wale ʻia ka hāpana ʻike ʻole no ka loiloi mea kikoʻī.
"E hana mua i kahi chromatogram o kahi hāpana ʻike ʻole ʻia, a laila loaʻa kahi chromatogram hou ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi mea ʻike ʻia i ka hāpana ʻike ʻole ʻia."Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe no ia mau mea.
4. E mālama i ke ʻano qualitative o ka index
Hōʻike ka papa kuhikuhi paʻa i ka ʻano hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā mea ma luna o nā mea hoʻoponopono a ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia a ʻike ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma GC.Loaʻa iā ia nā pōmaikaʻi o ka reproducibility maikaʻi, ke kūlana kūlike a me ka coefficient wela liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻopili wale ʻia ka helu hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā waiwai o ka pae paʻa a me ka mahana o ke kolamu, akā ʻaʻole i nā kūlana hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kona pololei a me ka hana hou ʻana.ʻOiai ka lōʻihi o ka mahana o ke kolamu e like me ka manawa paʻa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka waiwai palapala no ka ʻike ʻana, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana i ka mea maʻemaʻe no ka hoʻohālikelike.
(2) Ka helu helu
Ke kumu no ka helu chromatographic:
ʻO ka hana o ka nānā ʻana i ka nui, ʻo ia ka ʻimi ʻana i ka haneli o nā mea i loko o ka hāpana hui
Maʻiʻo hakina.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka quantification Chromatographic ma luna o kēia: inā kūlike nā kūlana hana, ʻo ia
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nuipa (a i ʻole ka ʻike) o ka mea i ana ʻia e ka hōʻailona pane i hāʻawi ʻia e ka mea ʻike
He kaulike.ʻO ia hoʻi:
Ke kumu no ka helu chromatographic:
ʻO ka hana o ka nānā ʻana i ka nui, ʻo ia ka ʻimi ʻana i ka haneli o nā mea i loko o ka hāpana hui
Maʻiʻo hakina.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka quantification Chromatographic ma luna o kēia: inā kūlike nā kūlana hana, ʻo ia
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nuipa (a i ʻole ka ʻike) o ka mea i ana ʻia e ka hōʻailona pane i hāʻawi ʻia e ka mea ʻike
He kaulike.ʻO ia hoʻi:
1. Keʻano ana o ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe
ʻO ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe ka ʻikepili helu kumu i hāʻawi ʻia e nā chromatograms, a ʻo ka pololei o ke ana ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe e pili pono i nā hopena quantitative.Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano ana ʻokoʻa no nā piko chromatographic me nā ʻano piko like ʻole.
He paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai kūpono o ka hoʻoilo ma ka helu quantitative:
Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ke ana pololei ʻana i ka nui o ka injection: ma kekahi ʻaoʻao
Aia ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe i nā kūlana chromatographic, a pono e mālama ʻia ke kāʻei chromatographic ke ana ʻia ka waiwai.
ʻAʻole hiki a kūpono ʻole ke hana like.A inā hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa pono
ʻO ka waiwai kūpono, no ka mea ʻaʻohe maʻamau i hoʻohui ʻia a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili pololei ʻia.
2.Quantitative hoʻoponopono kumu
Ka wehewehe o ka helu hoʻoponopono helu: ka nui o nā ʻāpana e komo ana i ka mea ʻike (m)
ʻO ka lakio o kona chromatographic peak area (A) a i ʻole peak kiʻekiʻe () he proportionality mau (,
Ua kapa ʻia ka paʻa like ʻana i ka helu hoʻoponopono piha no ka ʻāpana.
He paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai kūpono o ka hoʻoilo ma ka helu quantitative:
Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ke ana pololei ʻana i ka nui o ka injection: ma kekahi ʻaoʻao
Aia ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe i nā kūlana chromatographic, a pono e mālama ʻia ke kāʻei chromatographic ke ana ʻia ka waiwai.
ʻAʻole hiki a kūpono ʻole ke hana like.A inā hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa pono
ʻO ka waiwai kūpono, no ka mea ʻaʻohe maʻamau i hoʻohui ʻia a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili pololei ʻia.
'O ia ho'i, 'o ke kumu ho'oponopono pili 'o kekahi mea 'āpana, 'o ia ka 'āpana a me ka mea kuhikuhi s
ʻO ka ratio o nā kumu hoʻoponopono piha.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kumu hoʻoponopono pili i ka wā o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻāpana me ka maʻamau.
Ke like ka mea s, ʻo ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kuhikuhi ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o ka mea
lehulehu.Inā loaʻa i kekahi mea ka nuipa m a me ka ʻāpana piko A, a laila ka helu o fʻA
Ua like nā waiwai me ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kuhikuhi me ka nui o.ʻO ia hoʻi,
Ma o ka helu hoʻoponopono pili, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana
Hoʻololi ʻia i ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kuhikuhi e like me kona nuipa, a laila ka ratio
Hoʻohui ʻia ka maʻamau.No laila, ʻo kēia ke ala maʻamau e ʻike i ka pākēneka o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana
Ke kumu o ka nui.
Ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka helu hoʻoponopono pili: ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kumu helu hoʻoponopono pili me ke ʻano
Pili ke ana i ka maʻamau a me ke ʻano o ka mea ʻike, akā i ke kaula hana
He mea ʻole ia.No laila, hiki ke kiʻi ʻia nā waiwai mai nā kuhikuhi ma ka palapala.Ina ka kikokikona
Inā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka waiwai i makemake ʻia i ka hāʻawi ʻana, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo iā ʻoe iho.ʻano hoʻoholo
Ke ʻano: ʻO kahi nui o ka mea i ana ʻia he ʻumi mea kuhikuhi i koho ʻia → i hana ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano ʻano
Ua ana ʻia nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe chromatographic A a me As o nā ʻāpana ʻelua.
ʻO ia ke kumu.
3. Keʻano helu helu quantitative
(1) Keʻano maʻamau o ka wahi
Ua helu ʻia ka huina o ka maʻiʻo o nā hakina pau ʻole he 100% no ka helu ʻana.
Kapa ʻia ke ʻano hana maʻamau.Penei kona helu helu:
Inā ʻo P,% ka pākēneka o nā mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia;A1, A2... A n ka mea 1. ʻO ka piko o 1~n;f'1, f'2... f'n ka helu hoʻoponopono pili no nā ʻāpana 1 a i ka n.
(2) keʻano maʻamau o waho
ʻO keʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike helu ma waena o ka hōʻailona pane o ka mea e ho'āʻoʻia i ka hāpana a me ka mea maʻemaʻe e ho'āʻoʻia e like me ka mana.
(3) Keʻano maʻamau o loko
ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ke ʻano maʻamau i loko, he ʻano ia e hoʻohui ʻia ai kahi nui o ka mea maʻemaʻe i ka hopena maʻamau o ka mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia a me ka hopena hāpana ma ke ʻano he maʻamau kūloko, a laila nānā ʻia a hoʻoholo ʻia.
(3)ʻano hoʻohui maʻamau
ʻO ke ala hoʻohui maʻamau, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke ʻano hoʻohui kūloko, ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi nui o (△C)
Ua hoʻohui ʻia ke kuhikuhi o ka mea hoʻāʻo i ka hāpana hāpana e hoʻāʻo ʻia, a ua hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻāʻo i ka assay
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hāpana hāpana ma hope o ka mea i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hāpana hāpana kumu
Hoʻohana ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻāpana (△A) no ka helu ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea i loko o ka hāpana hāpana
Maʻiʻo (Cx)
Kahi ʻo Ax ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o ka mea e ana ʻia i ka hāpana kumu.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mar-27-2023